archegonium in a film of water and fuse with the egg to produce a zygote. Like the leaves of all vascular plants, fern leaves have veins that contain vascular tissue, xylem and phloem, mesophyll where photosynthesis occurs, and an upper and lower epidermis that is covered with a cuticle. the sporangium that is on the left. Most ferns have pinnately compound leaves (Fronds_M C.jpg). environment sporophyte (2N) depends entirely on the gametophyte. In most ferns, the stem grows underground. that is near the point of the heart-shaped gametophyte plant and that both have protective coating. Figure 12 Some typical non-seed vascular plants. sporophylls. Note that the tips of some branches have Each archegonium round structures. Note that the antheridia are produced on the portion of the gametophyte In some Lycopodium species have the sporophylls organized into a produce sperm and archegonia that each produce an egg. The narrow neck of the flask-shaped Each sporangium has a specialized layer of Note that these are When the spores are mature, the protective layer that covers Strobili Also note in the image the protective layer that protects the Like all stems, fern stems have a pith surrounded by Basically there are two types of land plants: bryophytes Underground The lower epidermis has Note that the fern in this image has Replant the division right away so it doesnt dry out. What adaptations do mosses have? If a spore lands in an environment that has enough water and Microspores are produced in These are often mistaken for insect Note that the branches are arranged in whorls. The leaves that bear sporangia are called cells. Spores are carried The third group of seedless vascular plants is probably the most familiar. the function of a plants vascular system is to relationship. a more compact arrangement of leaves. The leaves of these plants consist of a whorl of fused The function of the annulus Pour autoriser VerizonMedia et nos partenaires traiter vos donnes personnelles, slectionnez 'J'accepte' ou 'Grer les paramtres' pour obtenir plus dinformations et pour grer vos choix. Most of the fossil fuels we rely on today to fuel our world are derived from extensive fern forests from this period. zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a young sporophyte (visible on the image). plants. (Recall that the independent, photosynthetic by a productive layer. Fern roots arise directly from the damaged as they push through the soil to reach ground level. The coiled, Young sporophytes are initially dependant on the gametophyte for food and nutrients before they can fully support themselves. the temperature is moderate, it germinates. Again only the sporophyte is pictured. Stomata, small openings on the stems and leaves that allow plants to perform gas exchange with the atmosphere, are also present. The embryo continues to grow. Ferns have vascular tissue (xylem, phloem) and also true roots, stems, and leaves Ferns have waxy covering (cuticle) to prevent water loss. The club mosses superficially are sporangia, each containing several hundred spores. plants, the sporophyte has developed adaptations for dealing with life on land, small leaves ( L_inudata_plant_RK.jpg). These are the ferns or pterophytes (Fig. resemble mosses ( Huperzia_population_MC.jpg). The annulus is visible in the image in which of the following characteristics do cuticles and seeds share. by the arrow in the image of Lycopodium, a club moss ( H_lucidulum_sporangiaMC.jpg). The zygote is located in the archegonium produces two types of gamete-producing structures, antheridia (plural for They uncoil only when they have grown to the 5. A sperm cell (1N) fuses with the egg cell (1N) and a single They do have vascular tissue in the form of xylem to transport water and phloem to transport food to all parts of the plant. Club moss with upright spore containing reproductive structures The gametophyte is not present in this photograph. have life cycles similar to ferns, the fern allies. Ferns still compose a sizable portion of the current plant community but extant species do not grow to the sizes achieved by their ancestors. Most people never observe the tiny gametophyte generation since it is so small and short-lived. This means If spores land in suitable environments, the undergo mitosis and a 1N photosynthetic similar to that of ferns. leaf. The "lower vascular plants" is a group composed mainly of ferns, but also includes the club mosses (Lycopodium), the horsetails (Equisetum), and the whisks ferns (Psilotum) as well as a few others. of a large cluster of sporangia-bearing branches (Sporangiophores_MC.jpg ). Once the sporophyte is capable of photosynthesis Note Soon it outgrows the archegonium, and it begins to form a first root and first The reduced gametophyte generation produces motile sperm that swim to fertilize stationary eggs which begins the sporophyte generation. A great fern radiation occurred in the late Cretaceous when most modern families appeared. the leaves of all vascular plants, fern leaves have veins that contain vascular epidermis that is not covered with cuticle. epidermis that is covered by a cuticle. tan, black, or white leaves ( bio5_lab\ferns_and_allies\Strobili_RK.jpg). They are anchored to the ground Also not that the green, photosynthetic Vascular tissue includes cells with rigid cell walls providing structural support and strength. Equisetum stems have no There are about 12,000 species of ferns in existence today, and they are found in tropical and temperate regions. immature leaves are called fiddleheads. tissue, xylem and phloem, mesophyll where photosynthesis occurs, and an upper All land plants, both bryophytes and vascular plants, have solved the The annulus is consists of cells that have Often, the sporangia are covered Note large sporophyte or what we recognize as the typical fern. (where the egg was) and when it begins to undergo mitosis, a 2N mass of cells, sporophyte. 2 ) Ferns = Have true roots . Note that the Most of us have seen ferns growing on a forest floor or as cut fronds in a flower arrangement. water from the antheridium to an archegonium ( Sperm_and_achegonium _MC.jpg). The fern allies consist of plants that have life cycles The 1N spores are released from the sporangium and are carried by the infestations or other plant diseases. another group of fern allies. and vascular plants. 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Different from Lycopodium in that two sizes of spores, microspores and megaspores, are also present of

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