5), Develop and communicate an evidence based scientific explanation around one or more factors that change Earth's surface Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. Various scales were proposed in the past to measure the magnitude of earthquakes until 1935, when the Richter Magnitude Scale was developed by Conrad Richter to measure the intensity of the seismic waves. The Mercalli scale is linear and the Richter scale is logarithmic. It was modified again by Harry O. Understand how a community could use the Mercalli Scale. Copyright © http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg, Middle School However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. While shaking is caused by the seismic energy released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves. Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. However, each earthquake has only one magnitude. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). Felt quite noticeably by people indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings: Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! Rails are bent greatly. The expendable cost is the estimated cost of supplies needed for each group of students involved in the activity. They make a model of a seismograph—a measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Waves are seen on ground surfaces. Suggest a house or building that has been damaged by an earthquake or a picture of the Earth shaking. Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). There are many ways that we can rate events that occur during everyday life. The highest rating, a XII, is applied to earthquakes in which structures are destroyed, the ground is cracked and other natural disasters, such as landslides or tsunamis, are initiated. Thanks for your feedback! Unstable objects are overturned. The Wood–Neumann scale was revised in 1956 by Charles Francis Richter and published in his influential textbook Elementary Seismology. Shaking intensity is localized, generally diminishing with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but can be amplified in sedimentary basins and certain kinds of unconsolidated soils. Damage is slight. Dozens of so-called intensity-prediction equations[24] have been published to estimate the macroseismic intensity at a location given the magnitude, source-to-site distance, and perhaps other parameters (e.g. What does it measure? An earthquake's magnitude, as measured by the Richter scale, tells you how much energy the quake released at its epicenter. Some activities or lessons, however, were developed to stand alone, and hence, they might not conform to this strict hierarchy. [18], The categories "catastrophe" and "enormous catastrophe" added by Cancani (XI and XII) are used so infrequently that current USGS practice is merge them into a single category "Extreme" abbreviated as "X+".[19]. i.e., most hands-on activities are part of lessons, lessons are grouped into multiday These are similar to ground motion-prediction equations for the estimation of instrumental strong-motion parameters such as peak ground acceleration. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. A summary of intensity prediction equations is available. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Cut all necessary paper needed for the class activity. 5), Represent and interpret data. It is known today as the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. If engineers can develop better technology for predicting the size and force of earthquakes, then cities and communities can work to keep themselves from harm. [20], The correlation between magnitude and intensity is far from total, depending upon several factors, including the depth of the hypocenter, terrain, and distance from the epicenter. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931. (Grade 4), Tools, materials, and skills are used to make things and carry out tasks. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. The modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. Solicit, integrate and summarize student responses. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened: Some dishes and windows are broken. [16] Also, construction codes and methods have evolved, making much of built environment stronger; these make a given intensity of ground shaking seem weaker. Damage is total. As we have already noted, the severity of an earthquake can vary from events which are barely detectable even using the most sophisticated devices, to devastating events which can level cities and trigger tsunamis and sometimes even volcanic activity. [15], The basis by which the U.S. Geological Survey (and other agencies) assigns intensities is nominally Wood and Neumann's MM31. (Grade www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. The Mercalli Intensity Scale measures the intensity of an earthquake by observing its effect on people, the environment and the earth’s surface. A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Rails are bent. The modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. units and these again are bundled into subject areas. The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. (Grades Lines of sight and level are distorted. Damage is great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. 2018 © SMS Tsunami Warning | All Rights Reserved, If you like this content, help us spread awareness, If you like this content, like us on Facebook :). Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931. The extent of damage is rated on the Mercalli Intensity Scale. Damage great in poorly built structures. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. This page was last edited on 22 September 2020, at 20:57. i.e. "Mercalli" redirects here. Earthquake Formation: Crust, Plates, Currents, Drift and Faults, Testing Model Structures: Jell-O Earthquake in the Classroom, Tsunami Attack! [1] By not requiring instrumental measurements, they are useful for estimating the magnitude and location of historical (preinstrumental) earthquakes: the greatest intensities generally correspond to the epicentral area, and their degree and extent (possibly augmented by knowledge of local geological conditions) can be compared with other local earthquakes to estimate the magnitude. [17] Also, some of the original criteria of the most intense degrees (X and above), such as bent rails, ground fissures, landslides, etc., are "related less to the level of ground shaking than to the presence of ground conditions susceptible to spectacular failure". [12], In their 1993 compendium of historical seismicity in the United States,[13] Carl Stover and Jerry Coffman ignored Richter's revision, and assigned intensities according to their slightly modified interpretation of Wood and Neumann's 1931 scale,[14] effectively creating a new, but largely undocumented version of the scale. Richter scale ratings are determined soon after an earthquake, once scientists can compare the data from different seismograph stations. The lesser degrees of the MMI scale generally describe the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. 5), 4 ½ sheets (cut lengthwise) of white copy paper, 1 ½ sheet (cut lengthwise) of any color construction paper, Variety of crayons, colored pencils, and markers. Some well-built wooden structures are destroyed; most masonry and frame structures are destroyed with foundations. When Harry O. Related Curriculum shows how the document you are currently viewing fits into this hierarchy of curricular materials. The small table is a rough guide to the degrees of the MMI scale. Mercalli ratings, on the other hand, can't be determined until investigators have had time to talk to many eyewitnesses to find out what occurred during the earthquake. Note: This simulation does not take into account the topography or water masses in the region and is most accurate for events between 3.5 and 6.0 magnitudes. These values can be displayed best using a contoured map of equal intensity, known as an isoseismal map. Some heavy furniture is moved; a few instances of fallen plaster occur. However, Richter ratings only give you a rough idea of the actual impact of an earthquake. Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. In 1904, Adolfo Cancani proposed adding two additional degrees for very strong earthquakes, "catastrophe" and "enormous catastrophe", thus creating a 12-degree scale. The environment and the earth’s surface ways of rating earthquakes, they might not conform to version... That occur during everyday life ; most masonry and frame structures are destroyed ; most masonry and frame are... ; most masonry and frame structures are destroyed with foundations scales have different applications and measurement techniques the force earthquakes. His first Intensity Scale describes the observed effects of an earthquake by observing its on... 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