Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Encyclopedia.com. 3099067 , View all related items in Oxford Reference , Search for: 'Henry the Navigator' in Oxford Reference . Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. It was also a touch of genius on his part to exploit the religious and chivalric sentiments of the squires of his overlarge household by offering them the chance to win in great waters, as crusaders for the Faith on remote African shores, the fame and glory they sought., From: Entries. Source. Peter returned with a current world map from Venice.[8]. Portuguese historians since the 1400s have exalted him as a national hero and credited him with many of the key technological, intellectual, and navigational innovations that during his lifetime made Portugal a leading maritime power. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In 1446 Henry received as a grant from his nephew King Afonso a commercial monopoly on all trade south of Cape Bojador. In 1418, Zarco and Teixeira were blown off-course by a storm while making the volta do mar westward swing to return to Portugal. Thrower, Norman J. W., "PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR". At his own town on the barren promontory of Sagres near Cape Saint vincent, Prince Henry of Portugal died on November 13th, 1460. When Edward died eight years later, Henry supported his brother Peter, Duke of Coimbra for the regency during the minority of Edward's son Afonso V, and in return received a confirmation of this levy. ." Henry, Prince the Navigator (1394-1460) He learned of the opportunities offered by the Saharan trade routes that terminated there, and became fascinated with Africa in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of Prester John and the expansion of Portuguese trade. When John I died in 1433, Henry's eldest brother Edward of Portugal became king. The caravel used the lateen sail, the prevailing rig in Christian Mediterranean navigation since late antiquity. Henry was the third surviving son of King John I and his wife Philippa,[2] sister of King Henry IV of England. By this stage the explorers had passed the southern boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented the Muslim land-based trade routes across the western Sahara Desert, and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal. His grandiose ambitions brought disaster when in 1437 he led a failed assault on the city of Tangier. HENRY IV (FRANCE) (15531610; ruled 15891610), king of France and Navarre. He is regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration. Henry the navigator - Entries. His objectives included finding the source of the West African gold trade and the legendary Christian kingdom of Prester John, and stopping the pirate attacks on the Portuguese coast. The page you requested could not be found. Henry Tudor, later earl of Richmond, was born in Pembroke Castle, Wales, on 28 Jan, Henry IV (France) (15531610; Ruled 15891610) They represent a key point of departure for new research, which will need to focus on placing Dom Henrique in the context of his times and his contemporaries. GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL Vol CXXVII Part 2 June 1961 PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE SEA ROUTE TO INDIA The first Eva G. R. Taylor lecture ERIC AXELSON This year, 1960, Portugal has been commemorating the five-hundredth anniver- sary of the death of Dom Henrique?Prince Henry, "the Navigator". Under Henry's direction, a new and much lighter ship was developed, the caravel, which could sail further and faster. Ceuta's garrison, for which Henry became responsible, had to be provisioned from Portugal. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Thanks to the dramatic advances that have taken place over the last twenty years in the historiography of late medieval Portugal and of the early European overseas expansion, as well as in the prosopography of the Iberian nobility, it is now possible to aspire to an in-depth contextualization of Dom Henrique's life and career. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. At that time, the cargo ships of the Mediterranean were too slow and heavy to undertake such voyages. The Portuguese sighted the Bay of Arguin in 1443 and built an important fort there around the year 1448. Zarco, a knight in service to Prince Henry, had commanded the caravels guarding the coast of Algarve from the incursions of the Moors. In 1498, Vasco da Gama became the first European sailor to reach India by sea. (13941460),Prince of Portugal, was the third son of John I of Portugal and grandson of John of Gaunt. Yes, the real Prince Henry was one of the leading proponents of Portuguese expansion in the middle decades of the 1400s, and he did in fact play a leading role in organizing the early Portuguese voyages along the African coast. History and Legend. 2&3, 1960, pp. No one used the nickname "Navigator" to refer to prince Henry during his lifetime or in the following three centuries. Portuguese prince, supporter of exploration On the second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto became the first European to reach the Cape Verde Islands. Henry was born in 1394, the third son of Portuguese king John I. NAVIGATION, Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Volume 7, Number 2&3 Pages: 117 - 126 Cite this article: Thrower, Norman J. W., "PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR", NAVIGATION, Journal of The Institute of Navigation, Vol. Besides Christopher Columbus, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal has been the subject of more mythmaking than any other historical figure of Europe s age of exploration and expansion. 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In 1425, his second brother the Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra, made a diplomatic tour of Europe, with an additional charge from Henry to seek out geographic material. He did employ some cartographers to chart the coast of Mauritania after the voyages he sent there, but there was no center of navigation science or observatory in the modern sense of the word, nor was there an organized navigational center. The works of Sir Peter E. Russell, including his new biography Henry the Navigator: a life (New Haven, 2000), have made a great contribution to separating the historical Dom Henrique from his culture hero counterpart, Henry the Navigator. While his brothers feared that holding the city would spread military resources too thinly and make Portugal itself vulnerable to Muslim or Spanish attacks, Henry advocated not only continued occupation of Ceuta but also new offensives against other North African locales. Died 1460 At the time of Henry's death this exploration by sea had reached present-day Gambia, and later led to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartholomew Diaz and the sea route to India. A key mental obstacle to these early voyages was the long-held belief among Portuguese mariners that if a ship sailed past Cape Bojador on the African coast, strong currents and unfavorable winds would make it impossible to return to Portugal. Far from teaching practical navigation to his pilots as the myth has it, writes one (P. Russell, Prince Henry The Navigator: A Life (2001), 238), it is much more probable that at first it was they who taught the Prince about their craft, so enabling him to relate his book knowledge of astrology, astronomy and cartography to the needs of practical navigation, even though he had little direct experience of the latter His own unshakeable self-confidence that it was his destiny to succeed as a sponsor of oceanic exploration communicated itself to mariners and sea-going knights and squires alike, even before the caravel started to trade profitably in Guinea. 16 Oct. 2020 .
He is best known for completing the first world circumnavigation in History. They found shelter at an island they named Porto Santo. Portuguese statesman. "Prince Henry the Navigator." He gained military renown when the Portuguese captured Ceuta from the Moors in 1415 and, as a fervent Christian, was an ardent crusader against Islam. "Henry, Prince the Navigator (1394-1460) Most of the voyages sent out by Henry consisted of one or two ships that navigated by following the coast, stopping at night to tie up along some shore. During Prince Henry's time and after, the Portuguese navigators discovered and perfected the North Atlantic Volta do Mar (the "turn of the sea" or "return from the sea"): the dependable pattern of trade winds blowing largely from the east near the equator and the returning westerlies in the mid-Atlantic. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. As Sir Peter Russell remarks in his biography, "In Henryspeak, conversion and enslavement were interchangeable terms."[16]. However, some of the military campaigns he was later involved in were less successful. He encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar from the Iberian Peninsula. Past writers have elevated him to an icon of chivalry and Portuguese national spirit, or, because of his impact on the early overseas expansion, ascribed to him a Promethean role in the rise of modernity. Henry functioned as a primary organizer of the disastrous expedition to Tangier in 1437 against ala Ben ala, which ended in Henry's younger brother Ferdinand being given as hostage to guarantee Portuguese promises in the peace agreement. The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea . Although the lateen sail allowed sailing upwind to some extent, it was worth even major extensions of course to have a faster and calmer following wind for most of a journey. Royal Family. By 1462, the Portuguese had explored the coast of Africa as far as present-day Sierra Leone. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460). Jehuda Cresques, a noted cartographer, has been said to have accepted an invitation to come to Portugal to make maps for the infante. Strictly Necessary Cookies should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Dom Henrique, Infante of Portugal (13941460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator, is one of the most notorious figures of western history. "[12], The view that Henry's court rapidly grew into the technological base for exploration, with a naval arsenal and an observatory, etc., although repeated in popular culture, has never been established. . in But Henry is best remembered for his patronage of a succession of seamen, Portuguese and others, who from 1434 onwards made voyages of discovery down the west coast of Africa (Guinea) in search of gold and slaves, and who in the 1450s found the first islands of the Cape Verde archipelago. We use cookies to improve your website experience. The goals and motives of these missions were various. "Man of His Time (and Peers): A New Look at Henry the Navigator. In many ways, in fact, the historical Henry that emerges from a careful study of the evidence is even more interesting than the mythical Henry of traditional Portuguese legend. 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